从泰国山竹、智利车厘子，到川北牛肉、赣南脐橙……近年来，丰富多样的高品质生鲜食品通过冷链物流直达百姓餐桌。国务院办公厅近日印发《“十四五”冷链物流发展规划》（以下简称《规划》），明确冷链物流高质量发展方向及路径。专家表示，作为中国冷链物流领域第一份五年规划，《规划》对建设现代冷链物流体系作出全方位、系统性部署，冷链物流行业将进入加速发展时期。

行业规模显著扩大

近日，随着首批从智利航运至中国的1200吨车厘子抵达广州，京东生鲜平台的车厘子消费季进入高潮。这些从海外直采的高品质车厘子受到消费者欢迎。

把智利车厘子安全地运到中国并不容易。京东物流为此进行了全程消杀和冷链运输，并为车厘子配备溯源“身份证”，在全国超300个城市实现冷链配送到家。京东物流相关负责人介绍，京东物流近年来打通了产地和销地网络，为众多商家提供“产地仓直发+冷链干线+末端配送”的全供应链服务；同时联合推出“智臻链”防伪溯源平台，实现全环节冷链流转可查询、可追溯，让消费者买得放心。

从生产、仓储、运输到销售，让货物全程处于规定低温环境下的系统工程，即是冷链物流。近年来，随着人们对高品质消费需求快速增长，冷链物流行业规模显著扩大。数据显示，2020年，全国冷链物流市场规模超过3800亿元，冷库库容近1.8亿立方米，冷藏车保有量约28.7万辆，分别是“十二五”期末的2.4倍、2倍和2.6倍左右。

为促进冷链物流高质量发展，《规划》提出到2025年，初步形成衔接产地销地、覆盖城市乡村、联通国内国际的冷链物流网络。《规划》重点从3个方面进行了系统谋划，一是完善网络架构，建设“四横四纵”8条国家冷链物流骨干通道，串接农产品主产区和19个城市群，形成内外联通的国家冷链物流骨干通道网络。二是在行业层面，创新性地提出产销冷链集配中心建设。三是在运行层面，打造消费品双向冷链物流新通道，促进农民增收和消费升级。

“《规划》为中国冷链物流的未来指明了发展的新方向。”中国物流与采购联合会副会长兼秘书长崔忠付表示，《规划》将国家骨干冷链物流基地和产销冷链集配中心建设作为现代冷链物流体系的重要支撑，依托“冷链+智能装备”“冷链+大数据”“冷链+智慧生活”，有利于形成“冷链+”产业集聚新格局；通过加强智能分拣、智能温控等冷链智慧技术装备应用，有利于提高冷链数智化水平，为实现碳达峰和碳中和目标作出重要贡献。

科技创新提质升级

冬日时节，云南省昆明市昆阳街道宝峰村花棚里，绣球花、玫瑰花等鲜花开得正艳。做了18年鲜花生意的阿辉正带领员工快速打包一枝枝鲜花。为了让娇嫩的绣球花延长花期，这些鲜花需在盒马平台的产地仓里进行低温处理，让鲜花进入休眠、减少呼吸。经过8小时低温保鲜处理后，这些花朵将通过干线运输、全程8℃恒温送至各地的盒马仓库。

“为了确保品质，我们搭建了从产地到全国的冷链物流运网。”盒马花园采购负责人吕玲林表示，通过技术和流程创新，目前盒马已经实现了每天从云南往全国的鲜花直采和直发。

伴随新一轮科技革命和产业变革，技术发展成为冷链物流产业升级的重要动力。《规划》提出冷链物流数字化发展工程，支持具备条件的物流企业开展数字化改造建设试点，推进数字化技术装备应用、数字化管理模式创新、数字化网络协同；推动冷链基础设施智慧化升级，推动大数据、物联网、5G、区块链、人工智能等技术在冷链物流领域广泛应用等。

在实践中，相关企业也在努力，既不断改善货品的“冷环境”，又逐渐理顺“链系统”。

一方面，环境控制智能和精细。1台全自动叉车，4名班组工人，30吨冷冻新鲜薯条，零下18摄氏度恒温仓储……在一整套规范的卸车流程指导下，不到两小时，这些薯条在偌大的冷库里冷冻完毕。据福建省漳州市海韵冷链仓储有限公司相关负责人介绍，公司采用了二氧化碳和氨复叠制冷系统，在保证制冷效果的同时，大幅降低氨的使用量。同时，通过智能化仓储管理系统，员工手持终端就能轻松掌握车辆调度、温度湿度调节、预冷合格率等情况。

另一方面，运输链路完善。今年国庆前夕，“齐鲁号”中欧班列济南冷链专列满载着冷冻黄桃丁、冷冻树莓等冷鲜食品驶出，15天后抵达俄罗斯莫斯科。相较于普通中欧班列，开行冷链班列需要高的恒温技术手段、快的口岸衔接速度和精细化的运营服务能力。

近年来，顺丰、京东等企业积极开展高附加值货物冷链运输，铁路、航空、公路冷链模式发展迅速。交通运输部综合规划司副司长张大为近日表示，下一步将完善冷链物流基础设施网络，推动冷链运输技术装备升级，创新冷链运输服务模式，健全冷链运输法规制度和标准。同时强化进口冷链食品物流重点环节和重要人员疫情防控要求。

不断补短板强弱项

今年11月底，在浙江杭州东站站台上，一批装着杭州九源基因公司研制的癌症辅助治疗药的温控箱，被搬上一列将驶向北京的货运列车。这些药品被放置在箱内相应大小的凹槽中，周围环绕保温材料，能确保300多小时保持在2至8摄氏度。每一个温控箱配备了全球温度记录仪，箱内温度实时被上传至云端，一旦超出预警范围将向管理人员推送报警信息。这些箱子以“铁路+空运”方式、历经10多天后抵达南美洲。

这是菜鸟网络科技有限公司为中国药企产品“出海”打造的全球达、数字化、全链路可追溯解决方案。菜鸟网络国际冷链物流负责人王璟然介绍，医药冷链运输门槛高于普通货物，再加上运输链路长和国际航空运力受疫情影响严重，对跨境医药冷链物流提出了高要求。中国物流企业需要建立专业、规范化的跨境冷链物流团队，来满足医药等多类型企业“出海”的需求。

由于冷链行业发展存在不平衡不充分等问题，不断补短板、强弱项成为该行业高质量发展的重要课题。《规划》设置了12个专栏，系统提出21项工程，包括农产品产地冷链物流设施补短板工程、冷链运输提质增效降本工程、销地冷链物流提升工程、骨干冷链物流企业培育工程等，有针对性地夯实冷链物流发展之基。

崔忠付建议，应以创新为出发点，推动政府合理规划，统筹推进冷链物流标准化、信息化、智能化、平台化建设，全面构建信息高度对称的现代化冷链物流体系；加强行业专业复合型人才培养，扩大冷链物流信息化、自动化应用范围；促进企业加大资源投入、提升技术创新力度，不断向智能化、科技化、自动化方向转型升级，逐步构建起智能化冷链物流体系。（记者 彭训文）

In recent years, from Thai bamboo and Chilean cherries to Sichuan beef and Gannan navel oranges, a variety of high-quality fresh foods have been delivered directly to people's dining tables through cold chain logistics. The General Office of the State Council recently issued the "14th Five Year Plan for the Development of Cold Chain Logistics" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"), clarifying the direction and path of high-quality development of cold chain logistics. Experts say that as the first five-year plan in the field of cold chain logistics in China, the "Plan" makes comprehensive and systematic arrangements for the construction of a modern cold chain logistics system, and the cold chain logistics industry will enter a period of accelerated development.

Significant expansion of industry scale

Recently, with the first batch of 1200 tons of cherries shipped from Chile to China arriving in Guangzhou, the consumption season of cherries on JD Fresh Platform has reached its peak. These high-quality cherries directly purchased from overseas are popular among consumers.

It is not easy to safely transport Chilean cherries to China. JD Logistics has carried out the whole process of disinfection and sterilization and cold chain transportation for this purpose, and equipped Chelizi with traceability "ID card" to achieve cold chain distribution to home in more than 300 cities across the country. According to the relevant person in charge of JD Logistics, in recent years, JD Logistics has established a network of origin and sales places, providing a full supply chain service of "direct delivery from origin warehouses, cold chain trunk lines, and end delivery" for many businesses; At the same time, we jointly launched the "Zhizhen Chain" anti-counterfeiting traceability platform, achieving full process cold chain circulation that can be queried and traced, allowing consumers to buy with confidence.

The system engineering of keeping goods in a specified low-temperature environment throughout production, warehousing, transportation, and sales is called cold chain logistics. In recent years, with the rapid growth of people's demand for high-quality consumption, the scale of the cold chain logistics industry has significantly expanded. Data shows that in 2020, the scale of the national cold chain logistics market exceeded 380 billion yuan, with a cold storage capacity of nearly 180 million cubic meters and a total of approximately 287000 refrigerated trucks, which are about 2.4 times, 2 times, and 2.6 times higher than the end of the 12th Five Year Plan period, respectively.

In order to promote the high-quality development of cold chain logistics, the "Plan" proposes to initially form a cold chain logistics network by 2025 that connects production and sales areas, covers urban and rural areas, and connects domestic and international markets. The "Plan" focuses on three aspects of systematic planning. Firstly, it aims to improve the network architecture and build eight national cold chain logistics backbone channels, namely "four horizontal and four vertical", connecting the main agricultural product production areas and 19 urban agglomerations, forming a national cold chain logistics backbone channel network with internal and external connectivity. The second is to innovatively propose the construction of production and sales cold chain distribution centers at the industry level. Thirdly, at the operational level, we will create a new two-way cold chain logistics channel for consumer goods, promoting farmers' income growth and consumption upgrading.

The "Plan" points out a new direction for the future development of China's cold chain logistics. Cui Zhongfu, Vice President and Secretary General of the China Federation of Logistics and Procurement, stated that the "Plan" takes the construction of national backbone cold chain logistics bases and production and sales cold chain distribution centers as an important support for the modern cold chain logistics system, relying on "cold chain+intelligent equipment", "cold chain+big data", and "cold chain+smart life", It is conducive to forming a new pattern of "cold chain+" industrial agglomeration; By strengthening the application of intelligent cold chain technology equipment such as intelligent sorting and intelligent temperature control, it is beneficial to improve the level of cold chain intelligence and make important contributions to achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals.

Technological innovation and upgrading

In winter, in the flower shed of Baofeng Village, Kunyang Street, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, flowers such as hydrangeas and roses bloom in full bloom. Ah Hui, who has been in the flower business for 18 years, is leading employees to quickly pack a bouquet of flowers. In order to prolong the blooming period of delicate hydrangeas, these flowers need to be low-temperature treated in the production warehouse of the Hema platform, allowing the flowers to enter dormancy and reduce breathing. After 8 hours of low-temperature preservation treatment, these flowers will be transported through the main line and transported to various Hema warehouses at a constant temperature of 8 ℃ throughout the entire process.

In order to ensure quality, we have established a cold chain logistics network from the origin to the whole country, "said Lv Linglin, the procurement manager of Hema Garden. Through technological and process innovation, Hema has now achieved daily direct collection and shipment of fresh flowers from Yunnan to the whole country.

With the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, technological development has become an important driving force for the upgrading of the cold chain logistics industry. The "Plan" proposes the digital development project of cold chain logistics, supports qualified logistics enterprises to carry out pilot digital transformation construction, promotes the application of digital technology and equipment, innovation of digital management models, and digital network collaboration; Promote the intelligent upgrading of cold chain infrastructure, and promote the widespread application of technologies such as big data, Internet of Things, 5G, blockchain, and artificial intelligence in the field of cold chain logistics.

In practice, relevant enterprises are also making efforts to continuously improve the "cold environment" of goods and gradually streamline the "chain system".

On the one hand, environmental control is intelligent and precise. 1 fully automatic forklift, 4 team workers, 30 tons of frozen fresh French fries, stored at a constant temperature of -18 degrees Celsius... Under the guidance of a complete set of standardized unloading procedures, these French fries were frozen in a large cold storage room in less than two hours. According to the relevant person in charge of Haiyun Cold Chain Storage Co., Ltd. in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, the company has adopted a carbon dioxide and ammonia cascade refrigeration system, which ensures the refrigeration effect while significantly reducing the use of ammonia. At the same time, through the intelligent warehouse management system, employees can easily grasp vehicle scheduling, temperature and humidity regulation, pre cooling qualification rate, and other situations with handheld terminals.

On the other hand, the transportation link is perfect. On the eve of this year's National Day, the "Qilu" China Europe Express Jinan Cold Chain Special Train departed loaded with frozen yellow peaches, frozen raspberries and other fresh food, and arrived in Moscow, Russia 15 days later. Compared to regular China Europe trains, the operation of cold chain trains requires high temperature control technology, fast port connection speed, and refined operational service capabilities.

In recent years, companies such as SF Express and JD.com have actively carried out cold chain transportation of high value-added goods, and the cold chain models of railways, aviation, and highways have developed rapidly. Zhang Dawei, Deputy Director of the Comprehensive Planning Department of the Ministry of Transport, recently stated that the next step will be to improve the cold chain logistics infrastructure network, promote the upgrading of cold chain transportation technology and equipment, innovate cold chain transportation service models, and improve cold chain transportation regulations, systems, and standards. At the same time, we will strengthen the key links of imported cold chain food logistics and the requirements for epidemic prevention and control of important personnel.

Continuously supplementing weaknesses and strengths

At the end of November this year, a batch of temperature control boxes containing cancer adjuvant therapy drugs developed by Hangzhou Jiuyuan Gene Company were loaded onto a freight train heading towards Beijing on the platform of Hangzhou East Station in Zhejiang Province. These drugs are placed in corresponding sized grooves inside the box, surrounded by insulation materials, ensuring a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius for over 300 hours. Each temperature control box is equipped with a global temperature recorder, and the temperature inside the box is uploaded to the cloud in real-time. Once it exceeds the warning range, alarm information will be pushed to the management personnel. These boxes arrived in South America through a "railway+air" method after more than 10 days.

This is a global, digital, and fully traceable solution created by Cainiao Network Technology Co., Ltd. for Chinese pharmaceutical companies' products' going global '. Wang Jingran, the head of Cainiao Network International Cold Chain Logistics, introduced that the threshold for pharmaceutical cold chain transportation is higher than that of ordinary goods, coupled with the long transportation links and severe impact of the epidemic on international air transport capacity, which has put forward high requirements for cross-border pharmaceutical cold chain logistics. Chinese logistics enterprises need to establish professional and standardized cross-border cold chain logistics teams to meet the needs of various types of enterprises such as pharmaceuticals for "going overseas".

Due to the imbalanced and insufficient development of the cold chain industry, continuously addressing weaknesses and strengths has become an important issue for the high-quality development of the industry. The Planning has set up 12 columns and proposed 21 projects in the system, including the project to supplement the shortcomings of cold chain logistics facilities in agricultural product production areas, the project to improve the quality, efficiency, and cost of cold chain transportation, the project to enhance cold chain logistics in sales areas, and the project to cultivate backbone cold chain logistics enterprises, in order to strengthen the foundation of cold chain logistics development in a targeted manner.

Cui Zhongfu suggested that innovation should be taken as the starting point, promoting the government's reasonable planning, coordinating the standardization, informatization, intelligence, and platformization of cold chain logistics, and comprehensively constructing a modern cold chain logistics system with highly symmetrical information; Strengthen the cultivation of industry specialized composite talents, expand the application scope of cold chain logistics informatization and automation; Promote enterprises to increase resource investment, enhance technological innovation, continuously transform and upgrade towards intelligence, technology, and automation, and gradually build an intelligent cold chain logistics system. (Reporter Peng Xunwen)